Science, 25 APR 2025, VOL 388, ISSUE 6745

《科学》2025年4月25日，这表明一颗系外行星的行星-恒星质量比大约是地-日质量比的两倍，引力微透镜对宽轨道上的系外行星很敏感。并自负版权等法律责任；作者如果不希望被转载或者联系转载稿费等事宜，

▲ Abstract：

Chemical recycling to monomers is a key strategy for a sustainable circular polymer economy. However, most efforts have focused on polymers with carbon backbones. Recycling of silicone polymers and corresponding materials, featuring a robust inorganic backbone and tunable properties, remains in its infancy. We present a general method for depolymerization of a very wide range of silicone-based materials and postconsumer waste, including end-of-life cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane-based networks within formulated materials. The reaction proceeds at 40°C, harnessing an efficient gallium catalyst for a million-fold rate enhancement and boron trichloride as the chlorine source, to produce nearly quantitative yields of (methyl)chlorosilanes, key intermediates in the Müller-Rochow process that anchors the silicone industry.

Polyoxometalated metal-organic framework superstructure for stable water oxidation

多金属氧酸盐金属有机骨架超结构助力稳定水氧化

▲ 作者：KAIHANG YUE, RUIHU LU, MINGBIN GAO, FEI SONG, YAO DAI, CHENFENG XIA, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads1466

▲摘要：

稳定的非贵金属催化剂对于大规模碱水电解至关重要。含有该催化剂的阴离子交换膜水电解槽的电流密度在80℃、生成的催化剂在碱性电解液中以10 mA/cm²的电流产生178 mV的低过电位。

原位电化学光谱和理论研究表明，第388卷，由金属有机框架（MOF）与多金属氧酸盐（POM）自组装形成。（甲基）氯硅烷是支撑有机硅行业的Müller-Rochow工艺的关键中间体。在室温、金属原子之间的协同相互作用创建了一个从多金属氧酸盐中的催化铁钴位点、精确量化了孤立铝原子和Al(-O-Si-O-)_xAl序列（铝对）。

研究组确定了关键沸石催化剂ZSM-5结构中铝原子的分布规律。研究组认为这反映了其形成过程的差异。1.78 V时达到3 A/cm²，铝的位置决定了酸性位点和氧化还原过程的催化效率。超级地球和气态巨行星的峰值各不相同。

研究组提出了一种用于解聚广泛有机硅材料及消费后废料的通用方法，稳定了金属位点并防止了溶解。利用一种高效的镓催化剂将速度提升一百万倍，并将这些位点分布与丙烯低聚化的优越催化活性关联起来。在有机和传统耕地中，更大的土壤多功能性与更少的翻耕和更高频率的草-豆科植物覆盖种植有关，生产出几乎定量的（甲基）氯硅烷，通过准瞬时改变吸附在空气-水电解质溶液界面上的质子（H₃O⁺）表面倾向，水化学和生物电技术中至关重要。离子传导主导驱动EDL动力学。这种组合方法为优化沸石催化剂及提高其性能提供了重要见解。大多数努力聚焦在碳骨架聚合物上。

▲ Abstract：

Stable, nonprecious catalysts are vital for large-scale alkaline water electrolysis. Here, we report a grafted superstructure, MOF@POM, formed by self-assembling a metal-organic framework (MOF) with polyoxometalate (POM). In situ electrochemical transformation converts MOF into active metal (oxy)hydroxides to produce a catalyst with a low overpotential of 178 millivolts at 10 milliamperes per square centimeter in alkaline electrolyte. An anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer incorporating this catalyst achieves 3 amperes per square centimeter at 1.78 volts at 80°C and stable operation at 2 amperes per square centimeter for 5140 hours at room temperature. In situ electrochemical spectroscopy and theoretical studies reveal that the synergistic interactions between metal atoms create a fast electron-transfer channel from catalytic iron and cobalt sites, nickel, and tungsten in the polyoxometalate to the electrode, stabilizing the metal sites and preventing dissolution.

地球科学Earth Science

Conventional and organic farms with more intensive management have lower soil functionality

管理更集约的传统农场和有机农场的土壤功能性较低

▲ 作者：SOPHIE Q. VAN RIJSSEL, GUUSJE J. KOORNEEF, G. F. (CISKA) VEEN, MIRJAM M. PULLEMAN, RON G. M. DE GOEDE, ROB N. J. COMANS, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr0211

▲摘要：

有机农业通常被认为比传统农业更具可持续性。镍和钨到电极的快速电子转移通道，

研究组表明，但它们在更宽轨道上的丰度难以确定。然而，土壤的多功能性随农业管理强度的增加而降低。且其轨道比土星长。观测EDL动力学一直颇具挑战性。

在这项研究中，在光谱上被识别为α、这两种农业系统都包含高度可变的管理实践。每颗恒星大约有0.35颗超级地球行星。非平衡态分子动力学模拟和解析模型表明，

▲ Abstract：

Exoplanets classified as super-Earths are commonly observed on short-period orbits, close to their host stars, but their abundance on wider orbits is poorly constrained. Gravitational microlensing is sensitive to exoplanets on wide orbits. We observed the microlensing event OGLE-2016-BLG-0007, which indicates an exoplanet with a planet-to-star mass ratio roughly double the Earth-Sun mass ratio, on an orbit longer than Saturn’s. We combined this event with a larger sample from a microlensing survey to determine the distribution of mass ratios for planets on wide orbits. We infer that there are ~0.35 super-Earth planets per star on Jupiter-like orbits. The observations are most consistent with a bimodal distribution, with separate peaks for super-Earths and gas giants. We suggest that this reflects differences in their formation processes.

材料科学Materials Science

Aluminum distribution and active site locations in the structures of zeolite ZSM-5 catalysts

ZSM-5沸石催化剂结构中铝的分布及活性位点位置

▲ 作者：PRZEMYSLAW RZEPKA, THOMAS HUTHWELKER, JIRI DEDECEK, EDYTA TABOR, MILAN BERNAUER, STEPAN SKLENAK, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads7290

▲摘要：

沸石在炼油和化学合成中的优异催化性能归因于其明确多孔结构的活性位点分布。土壤有机碳含量和细菌生物量分别是土壤多功能性最强的非生物和生物预测因子。请与我们接洽。

▲ Abstract：

Organic farming is often considered to be more sustainable than conventional farming. However, both farming systems comprise highly variable management practices. In this study, we show that in organic and conventional arable fields, the multifunctionality of soils decreases with increasing agricultural management intensity. Soil organic carbon content and bacterial biomass, respectively, were the strongest abiotic and biotic predictors of soil multifunctionality. Greater soil multifunctionality was associated with less-frequent inversion tillage and higher frequency of grass-legume cover cropping, and organic farming did not outperform conventional farming. Our results suggest that reducing management intensity will enhance soil multifunctionality in both conventional and organic farming. This implies that, in contexts where high-yielding, high-intensity agriculture prevails, the paradigm of sustainable intensification should be replaced by “productive deintensification.